Viewing archives for

We all know that it can be challenging to encourage our students to access beyond what they need to know and to stretch their understanding on content and concepts within their specification. So many of the students that I have taught have a default mode that is often activated when they reach a certain point in their learning. This default mode comes into play when their perception of learning is complete. This can be when a series of questions is complete, when something becomes too challenging or when the last line of an exam question response has been written. My concern in this instance raises the question of how much potential is stifled prematurely and how many students could go further in their learning.

Originally inspired by Doug Lemov in Teach Like a Champion I wanted to create a culture where students realised that the reward for right answers in lessons is higher challenge that takes the form of harder questions and more challenging material. That completion of work translates to the setting and eventual completion of more demanding concepts. What I can say is that this is easier said than done but when my students started thinking like scholars they were taken to places in their learning which was beyond their wildest dreams! In this blog, I will take you on the journey that I went on with my GCSE and A Level classes in getting them to think like scholars in their RE lessons by discussing the implementation and outcome of the scholarship reading programme.

What is it?

The Scholarship reading program is a tool that encourages students to read beyond the revision guide or core text. It works alongside lessons and introduces students to material that is challenging, a primary text and is designed to create that ‘out of your depth’ feeling until the students come to terms with the reading and start to gain a steady footing of mastery. The material that is selected has been anything from extracts of undergraduate journal articles, scholarly texts or scripture.

Implementation

As in any case when you are establishing routines and rituals, the scholarship reading programme is easier to embed from the outset of meeting a new class. This way, students will be accustomed to your way of working and it is something that can be filtered into the lesson, rather than becoming a bolt on at the end of the lesson. In this sense, the teacher can also use it in a flipped learning way. In this instance, the teacher will set the material in advance of a lesson and then the discussion of the scholarly material can be unpicked and analysed when teaching that theme. This works particularly well when teaching the themes because there is a lot of material available, but likewise can be utilised when teaching the study of religions. In the case of the latter, this high challenge material can be pitched by the teacher to the students as material that would not usually be taught until A Level. The advantages of this method are twofold. Firstly, it empowers the student because their teacher has faith in their capability of understanding the material but implementing it in a flipped learning approach allows for higher level of engagement as the students know that the material will feature during an integral part of the lesson.

Lockdown 2.0

Initially, this article was going to be purely based on the physical classroom with face to face teaching being the focus. However, the rapid developments in technology and more specifically, teaching with technology has transcended limits beyond our imaginations. With this in mind, I wanted to share with you how this reading programme could be implemented within a digital setting. During the start of remote learning, my school set up Google Classrooms for students to be able to work remotely. This was the ideal platform to be able to continue the Scholarship Reading Program. In this case a new article was scheduled every week and had a blank document to go alongside it. After the students had read, listened or watched the material, they evidenced their engagement on the document and handed it in for me to check. At the end of each half term, I awarded virtual certificates of engagement to the students and this was something that was also celebrated during our live lessons together.

Outcome

This is the part of the blog where I share the impact of the reading programme and in doing so I’m going to be brutally honest after running this with KS4 and 5 classes for two years. The honest truth is that different classes will take it to different places and more specifically, different individuals within the class will take it to different places. Year 10 and 12 classes have had the highest engagement and have got the most out of it (presumably because I have taught them from the start of the course and this is all they know their GCSE or A Level to be). Year 11 has been mixed with one class not engaging in a single piece of reading despite my best efforts in encouraging them to do so remotely! Despite this, my message is clear and that is to stick with the program and see it for what it is; that being a tool that exposes students to a deeper understanding of their course and something that acts as a yardstick by introducing students to content in RE that will be covered in A Levels and beyond.

Saturday 6^th March 2021. A date that, for many, will go down in religious history forever. During his visit to Iraq, Pope Francis, Head of the Catholic Church, sat with Grand Ayatollah Ali Sistani in his home and they both had a conversation. It was the first time in history that a Pontiff had met his equivalent in the Shia world [1]. It does not matter that we did not hear the contents of their conversation. It was private (although Francis revealed some brief areas they spoke about). It does not matter that there was no joint statement made by both following their 45-minute encounter. What matters is the world was able to witness on this date two people of faith who possess possibly some of the largest followings on the planet making a symbolic gesture; they had a chat about how the world can get better. This is inspiring.

In my opinion, the Shia and Catholic traditions have a natural affinity. I am lucky enough to experience in my personal life too with people close to me. Catholics believe that Jesus has divinely mandated successors who lead the Church. The Shia believe that Muhammad had divinely appointed successors who lead the Ummah. Catholics believe in the Immaculate Conception of Mary and Shia Muslims believe Fatima, daughter of Muhammad, is too born sinless and pure. Both are also intercessors and a means towards the Divine. Mary is the mother figure of redemption in Catholicism as is Fatima in Shi’ism, foreshadowing the later tragedies of their respective sons (the crucifixion of Jesus and the killing of Hussain). The focus on the suffering of Jesus emphasised by Catholics and the passion of mourning the tragedy of Hussain by the Shia cannot be ignored either. It is not uncommon to see Iraqi Catholics visit the shrine of Hussain in Karbala to pay respect to his martyrdom.

Those who witnessed the brief news clips and images would have been struck by what they saw. For me it was a powerful moment that will stay imprinted in my mind. The contrast of Sistani in his black robes and Francis in his white locked in eye contact with awe was a wonderful sight. The images of them both holding hands bidding each other farewell, somewhat in a joint prayer, brought a tear to the eye. It is reported by those present that Francis, before leaving the building, took one last look at the room. Perhaps he was taken aback by the run-down alley Sistani lives in contrasted with the grandeur of the Vatican. Both hold the equivalent positions in their own faith traditions but their surroundings very much differ. Ayatollah Sistani is peacemaker with a love for justice. His actions contributed to the extremist Sunni group ISIS being defeated. He asked his office to make a statement asking the Iraqi people to protect their lives and religious heritage when the assault of ISIS became unbearable. Most of the Iraqi people unflinchingly obeyed him. He is a man with such global influence, yet he shuns photograph opportunities (with only handful on the internet), high profile meetings and lives in the most basic home.

Although contrasting in lifestyle, appearance and some beliefs, I believe Francis and Sistani have the exact same mindset. They believe just structures make peace and this doesn’t happen by itself. This meeting was a symbolic gesture of two men of faith with huge following in the world meeting on the same level because they have the same worldview – you need justice to create peace. Although Catholic-Shia dialogue has been happening for a very long time, this brought them even closer together. Ayatollah Sistani, due to his old age, is a very frail person physically. I have witnessed this in the times I have had the privilege to share an audience with him. He even needs support lifting his hand in order for him to shake someone’s hand. The fact that he stood up twice, once to greet and once to bid farewell, for the Pope demonstrates the respect he had and an example to me the manner I must conduct myself with others too. In my view, Pope Francis chose the absolute right person to meet in his first dialogue with a Shia authority.

Sistani lives right opposite the shrine of Imam Ali, the first Shia Imam. Imam Ali told his governor once: “People are of two kinds: either your brother in faith or your equal in humanity” [2]. It is a wisdom I live by in my whole life and it dictates my professional life too. When Pope Francis landed in Baghdad, a large banner with this wisdom was displayed for him to see. The meeting between the minarets and bells was inspiring to me because the ethos of Imam Ali was epitomised through this. It gave me hope that if two global faith leaders can humble themselves to each other’s level to make the world a better place, then maybe we can do this as well. In a tough year for everyone, this moment gave me a further spring in my step as a RE practitioner and be able to say I was alive when this happened.

[1] Most Shia Muslims, during the occultation of the 12^th Imam, adhere to the institution of Marja’iyyah (religious authority) where they follow a high ranking Shia authority in matters of religious practice. The authority believed to have largest following in the Shia world is Grand Ayatollah Sistani. Other well-known authorities include the late Grand Ayatollah Khomeini and his successor Grand Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, known as the Supreme Leader of Iran. More information on this concept can be found in Bdaiwi, Ahab and Hussain, Zameer (2017), 3.6 Marja Taqlid. In GCSE Religious Studies Shi′a Islam: Beliefs and Practices. Al Khoei Foundation.

[2] Nahjul Balagha (Peak of Eloquence), Letter 53

Heading in to my second year as HOD, we suddenly had a year 12, AS Religious Studies class. Cue frantic reading, watching, chatting and planning to pull these lessons together. There were lessons for the students, the content was covered, they were interested, but I felt that something was missing.

Out of my eight students, only two have a GCSE in Religious Studies, that’s a lot of missing knowledge. My plan to teach to the exam had gone out of the window. My lessons were fine and allowed for students to gain the understanding needed to achieve in learning (note. Not the exam).

Coming in to 2021, I’ve realised that it’s already February, and it’s time to start planning. I’ve done what I do best, scrapped everything and started again. And this was my process:

1. What are the specification headings? – I still have an exam to prepare them for, so what does the exam board expect them to know. These were the overall headings of ‘Birth Narratives’, there are nine in total for my AS.
2. What can that be broken down to? – e.g., birth narratives – kenosis, demythologising, redaction.
3. What questions can we ask about it? – What are the enquiry questions? How can I get to the bottom of this?
4. What hinterland knowledge do they need? – e.g., before they do the resurrection, I need to recap Holy Week. When teaching the course this year, I launched in to teaching the resurrection and students admitted that they didn’t know about Holy Week. My students had the confidence to tell me, but that isn’t always the case. I need to prepare for a lack of understanding.

In order to do this, I used sticky notes. One colour per topic, another set for concepts, bigger ones for sections and then a fourth type for hinterland. I stuck these on my living room wall (my husband was delighted) and took a step back. I then had a full conversation with myself about how it would flow. The use of sticky notes meant that at each stage I could make changes and shuffle things around.

My saviour with regards to content has been the textbook. It has allowed me to see how a topic should split up. It also summarised the topics well. Someone once said that ‘textbooks are made for students not teachers’ and it is something that has stuck with me, it is very much the basis for the schemes of learning, but it is not the entirety.
The exam board I have chosen, has a huge PDF with supporting links. These range from articles to videos to books. This list helped me expand my knowledge during lockdown one. If I understand it better, then the students will be able to access it too.

Speaking with other RE colleagues on twitter has helped massively. From sharing resources, to discussing books to almost standardising our marking together. This collaboration makes for a very exciting future for RE.

It may not be perfect, but I now have a module that I’m very excited to teach in September.

For many years now I have engaged with research as this is something that has transformed, enriched and enhanced my teaching. Indeed, it empowers me as a professional and has greatly improved my practise. However, the ways in which I have done this have been varied.

One way has been to read short summaries of work produced on sites like RE:ONLINE or in magazines such as Professional Reflections in RE today. These have been particularly useful in enabling me to have an overall grasp of an area so that I can work out what I am interested in. I then investigate this further by downloading full journal papers, contacting those involved in the work or attending feedback sessions if these have been provided.

Another way that I have engaged with research has been through enrolling on free courses delivered by various universities (Open Learn, Future Learn and HarvardEx). These have been invaluable for increasing my subject knowledge within RE. For example, I have completed courses on exploring Buddhism through their sacred texts, Shariah law and Religious Literacy. In addition, I have also enrolled on ones which focus on pedagogical research such as how the brain works and effective assessment. These courses vary in length and require different levels of engagement but they all fit easily around the busy life of a teacher. However, if you prefer to submit work and gain individual feedback, I would recommend the courses offered by Teach:RE from Culham St Gabriel’s.

Participating in funded projects led by various universities is a third way I have been involved in research. Some of the projects I have enjoyed include: the relationship between Science and Religion; using a hermeneutical approach in RE; and fostering better community relations in the classroom. There tends to be a lot of support when you participate in these projects from those working in academia and also from the other teachers involved. I would advise though that you select one which you and your school are interested in as this will make it a more rewarding exercise and also it means you will have support from senior leadership if you need to have time out of work.

A final way that I have been involved in research is through enrolling on paid courses at university. In particular, undertaking and completing a doctorate has been by far the most time consuming and nerve-wracking but also the most rewarding of all of the initiatives I have engaged in. I cannot recommend this enough if it is an area you wish to explore. Indeed, it has provided me with the means of being able to navigate the research community more effectively and also to have the tools to critically analyse and evaluate my own practise. It has shaped me into the teacher that I am today and contributes to the sheer fascination and joy I have in my subject.

No change in change

I’ve been a religious studies practitioner for over two decades. Nearing three, if truth be told. And those years have seen much change in the context of the subject, with much to be excited about. Each change seems to have reinvigorated my passion for the subject and, I hope, lead to me being a more effective classroom teacher and subject lead.

When the 2018 Commission on Religious Education provided a new framing of the subject – as “Religion & Worldviews” rather than Religion – it was accompanied by a fresh wave of informed conversation that will have lasting impact on the subject and the pupils who are studying it.

And this conversation has a number of important new terms in it, terms that those participating in it need to be clear about. What is a ‘worldview’ and what sets it apart from a ‘religion’? What is ‘religious literacy’? And quite how many ‘multidisciplinary lenses’ are there?

A worldview

The report describes a worldview as ‘a person’s way of understanding, experiencing and responding to the world … as a philosophy of life or an approach to life’. (CofRE P8) Whilst this definition could cover the six principle religions of the United Kingdom (although I know this is contested), it does allow an individual who considers themselves not to be ‘religious’ to use terminology that places value and coherence upon their specific framework. And it allows others to place value upon it too.

No longer is a considerable proportion of our population defined by a negative – ‘not-religious’ or ‘not believing in God’ – but instead acknowledged as being a community drawn together by shared values and beliefs.

Multi-disciplinary Lenses

However many you might consider there to be, ‘multi-disciplinary lenses’ refers to using different academic disciplines or approaches or methodologies to study an aspect of a worldview. In Norfolk, the latest Locally Agreed Syllabus (Norfolk Agreed Syllabus 2019, P5) has settled on three – theology, philosophy and human/social sciences. In practical terms this might mean approaching the topic of pilgrimage by asking three different questions; “what does this pilgrimage teach the pilgrims about their deity?” (theology – thinking about and thinking through believing), “is it right that one place is more significant than another?” (philosophy – thinking about and thinking through thinking) and “what significant acts do the pilgrims carry out?” (human/social sciences – thinking about and thinking through living).

Serving religious literacy

No term has done more to reinvigorate my passion for RE than ‘religious literacy’.

The Norfolk Locally Agreed Syllabus defines religious literacy is ‘how well pupils are able to hold balanced and well-informed conversations about religion and worldviews.’ (P5) It advocates equipping the pupils to go beyond – whilst still embracing – personal reflection and academic excellence, becoming significant, independent, participants in the world in which they find themselves.

And in order to hold these ‘balanced and well-informed conversations’ with the wide-ranging worldviews they will encounter our pupils must engage with the unique beliefs, wrestle with the unique questions and negotiate the unique expressions of each. They will bring the lenses to bear on the worldviews in their journey to religious literacy.

And after nearly three decades, I’m still excited to be on the journey too.

It is in the readings of Bernstein and Michael Young that I found a deep interest in the concept of ‘powerful knowledge’. I believe, powerful knowledge is found in RE which offers ‘esoteric knowledge’ which can contribute to developing well rounded human beings. RE can enable young people to think independently, to question and change society for the better so that they can play a full part in a democratic society, alongside learning STEM subjects. RE can also prevent the marginalisation of those from lower socio-economic groups by providing access to knowledge of the ‘powerful’. It is in RE, I believe, that students will not only develop a better understanding of the social world but will be provided with intellectual challenges that are empowering. Why do I say this? It is because that is what the subject did for me.

I grew up in in poverty, with Bengali speaking parents who observed their daily prayers and tried their best to encourage their children to take part in traditional learning that involved memorising the Qur’an and reading Bengali. My mother tried to teach me classical Arabic, but I was too interested in MTV. My parents received no formal education in Bangladesh, they struggled to make ends meet here in the UK, but they were grateful for the free schooling we received and placed huge importance on education, particularly English, Maths and Science. It is why Young’s Future 3 model which aims to focus on ensuring social justice and more equality in education speaks to me.

Simply memorising information (as I had memorised parts of the Quran) and applying that information to questions in exams is not enough. It is in the understanding of people and the world around us in its rich pluralist and diverse nature, that helps us make sense of what we read. My own experiences of not having access to (western) cultural capital had profound effects on my confidence as a young person and I believe my studies in RE, particularly when I was introduced to Western philosophy, opened doors for me. If my Muslim friends had access to Greek Philosophy and had to reflect on the English translations of the Quran and the works of the great philosophers as part of their religious education, their understanding of their own faith would be dramatically different from today. It can be argued that the purpose of education is not just to fight social injustice but to improve creativity, enjoyment, freedom to explore individual subjects of interest, which lead to real love for learning. My love for learning came from studying Greek and Medieval philosophy. I had no idea how much influence the Greeks had on the early Muslim philosophers who shaped Islam. Much of what I have learned is unknown to my friends indeed and yet, studying Religious Studies at University did not go down well with them as this was deemed unnecessary for religious practice and an inferior subject, which was a common view within my community.

Understanding of philosophical and religious knowledge freed me from accepting simplistic solutions to difficult questions about faith in my own life and in understanding world politics. RE can develop young people’s ability to participate in a conversation about themselves and their future. RE can play a pivotal role in contributing to a ‘powerful knowledge’ curriculum, adding to the intellectual development of children and providing those experiences that cultivate moral reasoning. To support rich experiences in RE would depend on whether RE serves any purpose to young people but if a student is growing up in a multicultural town with friends of different faiths, surely, they will learn more from their peers?  Who decides what knowledge is the most valuable? What about those parents who see no value in RE and see religion itself as a cause for all the problems in the world? The problem with accepting this, is that allowing students to disengage restricts students from accessing the powerful knowledge that promotes free thinking and fosters greater divisions in society.

We must not neglect the role that religious literacy plays in providing a powerful and knowledgeable workforce as well as a fully functioning democratic society with individuals all treated as equals. An RE curriculum that empowers students with powerful knowledge, that is rich in content and places an importance of allowing children to be free to think must be included in every curriculum. By doing this, we can support students to avoid making generalisations and simplistic conclusions in a world that is moving more and more towards a homogeneous way of thinking, particularly with the influences of social media on the younger generation.

RE therefore plays a vital role in providing space in the curriculum to encourage spiritual development and critical thinking. There is no absolute ‘right’ body of knowledge and whatever curriculum schools decide to teach, one risks indoctrinating pupils but learning about different worldviews can give students access to knowledge and understanding of the world beyond their immediate experience. The RE curriculum prepares students for public discourse and meaningful discussions. The need to improve religious literacy is the most significant aspect of this discussion. Whatever we teach, it must include powerful knowledge that promotes free thinking and fosters greater understanding in society between different peoples.

If we want to ‘liberate’ thinkers from their own environment and think beyond life experience then we must support the development of the whole person, not just the intellect. RE gives students the confidence in making informed decisions about the world and people around them. I believe that RE provides the type of knowledge that is associated with everyday experience. If we want our humanities curriculum to represent the cultural ‘knowledge of the powerful’ then let us give access to powerful knowledge through RE to all children to improve social mobility, tackle inequality, enhance student experiences and intellectual development.

As a teacher of Religious Education (RE), my professional background has been the driving force in ensuring the most suitable way of teaching RE (or RPE Religion Philosophy and Ethics) is appropriated within schools starting from the youngest age possible. In my teaching, I have demonstrated critical ways in helping students from various backgrounds understand the knowledge and use it to help them draw meaning to examine their own beliefs and those of others. The classroom experience has shown that RE as a subject helps in empowering our future generation through difficult conversations and taboo subjects. For example, within the theme of Peace and Conflict, students examine attitudes towards:

• conflict and peace
• just war
• terrorism
• bullying
• forgiveness

The key responsibility for us all is to take these opportunities and create dialogue within the classroom. Helping to develop tools that enable the use of various lenses within the dialogue empowers our younger generation. Through critical engagement, challenging stereotypes with the hope of a new, better world!

However, do we have enough time in the classroom to create such safe spaces?’ Have we nurtured an environment of trust and dialogue?  How can we, as educators play our role?  Are we supporting our future generation to develop their religious literacy? How is religious literacy helping to build social relationships today, tomorrow and the future? I hope to address some of these questions in my research.

As educators, we are responsible for helping our young people develop, whether in the classroom or through various other projects and initiatives within the community. A community of learning and engaging is key to strengthening our society for today and the future.

I have come across the theoretical framework of Critical Race Theory (CRT) in my educational journey. CRT is a powerful lens in understanding various prevalent issues within society.  The framework is useful to reflect on how socially constructed concepts such as race or religion are used to maintain the interests of those in power.

History shows that between the 16th and 18^th-century race was a folk idea that served as a general categorising term within the English Language, (Smedley & Smedley, 2005:19).

The term race’s usage increased by the 18^th century, and its meaning became solid, leading to a new way of structuring society. Demoiny (2017) states: ‘the ultimate purpose of race was to distinguish between superior and inferior human species’. Race as a concept needs to be recognised, and the responsibility lies with us as educators.

In a nutshell, race is not biological, and as a teacher, I see it as my responsibility to help our younger generation prepare as responsible citizens. People’s lived experiences matter and give a voice to how race as a social construct or religion is constructed as the ‘other’ affects people’s lives in various situations.

CRT[i] was developed in the 1970s when lawyers, activists and legal scholars realised, ‘that the heady advances of the civil rights era of the 1960s had stalled and, in many respects, were being rolled back’ (Delgado & Stefancic 2017:4). Quite recently CRT has received publicity even in the parliament discussions[ii].

A basic tenet of CRT subscribes racism is ‘ordinary, not aberrational’. Such a powerful view reflects what is going on in society. It points out that the usual way society does business is through constructing racial discourses. It demonstrates that racism is ‘normal’ and the living everyday experience of most people of colour. ‘Because racism is an ingrained feature of our landscape, it looks ordinary and natural to persons in the culture’ (Delgado & Stefancic 2000: xvi).

A quick look at highlighted news around the world shows various cases of racism. Individuals being disadvantaged due to their racial background and in some cases, even facing police brutality. CRT helps examine racism experiences through their voices and how they have been made to feel like the minority and victimised through their accounts.

CRT helps to understand how racism operates within society on an individual level and a structural level. As a result, it shapes individuals’ lenses through the experience seen either in the media or bias filters from home. For example, as a Muslim, do I need to feel apologetic every time something happens? Can I be an independent human being who cares for the society where I live and breathe?

I would, of course, condemn the perpetrators for the evil actions they commit! Such evil actions that take away innocent lives! My Islamic religious value promotes “Saving One Life Is As If Saving Whole Of Humanity…”– Quran 5:32.

Meaningful conversations are necessary for the classroom to help lead to developing an understanding of others and their beliefs; however, can we say that all pupils participate without victimisation?

References:

Delgado, R., & Stefancic, J. (2000). Introduction. In R. Delgado & J. Stefancic (Eds.), Critical Race Theory: The cutting edge (2nd ed., pp. 1-14). Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.

Delgado, R. & Stefancic, J. (2017) Critical Race Theory: An Introduction. (3rd ed) New York: New York University Press.

Demoiny, Sara B & Botzakis, Stergios, 2018. Websites to Explore Race as a Social Construct. Journal of adolescent & adult literacy, 61(4), pp.469–472.

Smedley, Audrey & Smedley, Brian D, 2005. Race as Biology Is Fiction, Racism as a Social Problem Is Real. The American psychologist, 60(1), pp.16–26.

[i] In this paper CRT will be used to refer to Critical Race Theory

[ii] https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/oct/20/teaching-white-privilege-is-a-fact-breaks-the-law-minister-says

‘No one is born hating another person because of …

his religion. … if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite.’  Nelson Mandela (1994)

Recent research by Anna Strhan and Rachael Shillitoe on the ‘stickiness of non-religion’ has got me thinking. We have reported the relevant article on Research for RE, and I also talked with Rachael about the findings at Culham St Gabriel’s January 20th In Conversation With event, as well as hearing both Anna and Rachael explain them during INFORM’s January 14^th seminar on religious and non-religious transmission. [i] In this blog, I set out the research process and findings, discuss the value of the findings for Religion and Worldviews practice and conclude with a recommendation.

The research takes up the theme that ‘no religion’ is on the rise and aims to discover how this takes place. Previous data show how changes during adulthood matter less than transmission of religion or non-religion down generations: 45% of children raised Christian become non-religious, but 95% of those raised non-religious stay so. [ii] The question is how various influences (e.g., family or school) shape children’s non-religious identities. Anna’s and Rachael’s project gives us detail of this.

Studies were made in three English primary schools, in three different kinds of locality, which vary by the proportion of people identifying as not religious. The research methods were participant observation, paired interviews with children who had answered ‘no’ or ‘not sure’ to a worksheet question ‘do you believe in God?’, and interviews with parents and teachers.

What are the results? Different processes are revealed. Generally, in families, children may be affected by ‘active’ non-religious upbringing and influenced by signs of non-religiousness. Events in school RE and assembly can provoke children who do not yet ascribe an identity to themselves to realise that they are non-religious. Children are not passive in relation to what happens to them at home or school, though; they make decisions about who they are.

At home, or with friends, religion is not much discussed, if ever. Consequently, it is marginal to the children’s culture, and this, together with an absence of family religious practice, is part of what transmits non-religion to them. RE, on the other hand, can contribute to children’s more conscious formation of a non-religious identity. At one of the schools, children were asked to say whether they agreed or disagreed with some statements about forgiveness. They engaged eagerly, and though they had not been asked to state their religious or non-religious identities, discussion was provoked about who was or was not religious. In a lesson about creation stories, a child was moved to say that he believed in parts of Christianity and parts of science: God could have started off the Big Bang.

Children say that as they get older, their ability to make decisions about such matters increases, and that this individual choice is important to them.  I wonder whether another of the research findings is related to this ‘individual choice’ one: that non-religion is dissimilar to any form of organised religion. It rejects organised religion’s elements but also its type of element (authoritative scripture, person, or even authority in general).

Is Humanism dissimilar to organised religion in this way? Humanism is internally diverse; but when (it seems to me) it appears as a form of organised non-religious worldview, it might be the easiest form of non-religion to manage, in curriculum terms. Working out how to process the more diffuse, individual expressions of non-religion is harder. If that much was already clear, Anna’s and Rachael’s research has highlighted further subtleties. It is hard to distinguish between subject and object in Religion and Worldviews (the children are part of the world studied). Reflexivity is profoundly present (the children become aware of who they are because they study the world). A further finding is that the 7-13 age range may well be a long process of identity-shaping, suggesting strong potential to interest children in the subject, provided teaching gives scope for personal reflection.

Lastly, I would ask if in envisioning a Religion and Worldviews curriculum, we yet give enough attention to religious and non-religious transmission, a key feature of lived worldview. I sense that Big Ideas is the most promising curriculum development model. Religious and non-religious transmission could be studied under Big Idea 1 (Continuity, Change and Diversity) and Big Idea 3 (The Good Life). The ‘Putting Big Ideas into Practice’ document touches on these possibilities, but they could and probably should be developed much more. [iii]

[i] https://researchforre.reonline.org.uk/research_report/the-stickiness-of-non-religion/ Anna Strhan and Rachael Shillitoe, The Stickiness of Non-Religion? Intergenerational Transmission and the Formation of NonReligious Identities in Childhood. Sociology (2019) 53(6) 1094–1110.

[ii] Linda Woodhead, The rise of ‘no religion’: Towards an explanation. Sociology of Religion (2017) 78(3) 247–262.

[iii] Barbara Wintersgill with Denise Cush and Dave Francis, “Putting Big Ideas into Practice,” online material available at https://www.reonline.org.uk/resources/putting-big-ideas-into-practice-in-religious-education/ downloaded on 7 April 2019.

In my teaching of AQA GCSE RS Christian beliefs I have found one aspect perplexing, namely the paradoxical role of scripture. On the one hand, the new GCSE Religious Studies places a greater emphasis on every RE teacher’s favourite buzz words, ‘sources of wisdom and authority’ and yet pupils spend very little, if any time at all, actually engaging with scripture in any meaningful way. Instead, engagement with biblical scholarship seems to begin and end with cutting a few quotes from the synoptic gospels or John or the letters of Paul and simply pasting them in an exam answer without any engagement with the history, audience or purpose of the biblical texts.

The result is that I often find pupils asking me fantastic questions such as ‘who is Mark?’, ‘who was Luke writing for?, ‘what is a gospel?’, ‘what was life like at the time of Paul?’, ‘did Jesus actually exist?’. These are all excellent questions, and questions that pupils should be asking, and yet I felt that these questions were often ill-served by the current GCSE specification.

In response, this academic year, I did something different. I taught a lesson that was completely removed from the specification. The aim of this lesson was for pupils to gain a greater understanding of the historical Jesus and importantly how New Testament scholars use historical methods to ascertain if events contained in the gospel narratives can be considered to be historical. The lesson went something like this:

I started by briefly explaining to pupils the audiences and purposes of each of the synoptic gospels and John. The aim of this being that my pupils would begin to appreciate that the gospel texts they have been studying where written by authors to particular audiences and therefore these texts, like any other text, have a purpose and sit within a historical and social context.

Following this, I Introduced to pupils three main criterion which are often used by scholars in the study of the historical Jesus: the criterion of dissimilarity, criterion of embarrassment and the criterion of multiple attestation. The criterion of dissimilarity is simply a method that considers if the events in Jesus’ life (for example his baptism) are distinct from the teaching of 1^st century Judaism or the early church. If they are, it reasons that it is more likely to be historical. The criterion of embarrassment considers if the event in Jesus’ life would have been considered embarrassing for the early church. If it would have been embarrassing for the early church it seems unlikely they would just make it up! Finally, and most importantly, the criterion of multiple attestation which focuses on if the event in Jesus’ life occurs in multiple different Christian and non-Christian sources. If an event in Jesus’ life such as the crucifixion is referenced in both Christian and non-Christian sources, such as the writings of Josephus, then it is more likely to be historical.

After my explanation, my pupils got to work. As a class, pupils read the baptism of Jesus (along with some information about baptism in first century Palestine). Then using the three criteria, I modelled step by step how each criterion could be applied to the baptism of Jesus. The benefit of modelling the first example as a whole class allowed me to reiterate what I expected my class to do and address any questions or misconceptions they had.

After scaffolding and modelling the first example, it was now time for my pupils to practice on their own with pupils applying the same criteria to several of the miracles of Jesus such as the exorcism of the blind and mute man and the raising of Jairus’ daughter. I found that my higher attaining pupils went one step further and even considered the limitations of using the criterion of embarrassment, multiple attestation and dissimilarity to study the miracles of Jesus. To end, we discussed as a class their views on if the events ascribed to Jesus in the gospels are historical and if such a question matters for Christians today.

Overall, I think my off-specification adventure helped some of my pupils to begin to think a little bit more deeply about biblical texts and historical methodology. I hope this blog provides a little bit of inspiration to go a bit beyond the specification and get your GCSE classes to delve a little deeper into the rich world of the texts they are reading. Not only would engagement with historical methodology enhance our teaching of Christianity, but other worldviews might also benefit from an appropriate form of this approach.

At Culham St Gabriel’s we are really interested in why an education in Religion and Worldviews matters. This is why we have recently launched a new pupil blog competition with this theme.

I’m biased of course! Working for a charity which is all about advocating for a high-quality education in Religion and Worldviews clearly means I think it matters! However, young people can give us unexpected answers to this question and that’s why our competition is so exciting. Here are two examples…

We will begin with Nutan. During the late 1990s I was involved with a research project about the implementation of agreed syllabuses. As part of this project my pupils were interviewed about the difference that RE made to them and why they thought it was important. Nutan announced that it was the skills she had learnt in RE that had enabled her to write better evaluative and analytical essays for English. She also felt the knowledge she gained helped her to understand some of the religious references in GCSE English set texts. She could see the transferable nature of her studies and the benefits of the subject in terms of broadening her understanding and cultural development. As a young teacher I confess I was a bit surprised!

Secondly, here is an example from closer to home:

This blog is from my youngest son Ben. He  wrote it for my personal blog site in 2016. He is now 15 and I have asked his permission to use it here! I was intrigued by Ben’s response at the time because he used the term wise, and also because he connected studying religions with learning about human rights. I asked him today if he wished to update his thinking… he said that the most important reason for studying Religion and Worldviews is to understand others. He stressed the importance of learning about the diversity of different religious and non-religious worldviews. He also felt that it would help him get on well with others and enable him to identify prejudice or bias in society.

So why does an education in Religion and Worldviews matter? Why not ask some children or young people you know and see what they think?!

Details of our blog competition can be found here:

https://www.reonline.org.uk/news/pupil-blog-competition/