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I have been listening with interest to conversations about the shift to Worldviews. I have long wondered how far my teaching reinforces for my mostly white, largely atheist students, the impression that all followers of a religion think and do the same thing. And moreover that religious beliefs and actions exist in a place distant to my students’ lives and concerns. Worldviews thinking seemed to respond to my concern. I wanted to move away from my comfortable World Religions focus on the holy building, the holy book, the core beliefs, but how?

I have been proactive in using and emphasising a multidisciplinary approach. I have explicitly tried to achieve a balance of theology, philosophy & social sciences in my planning – using lots of the RE: Online, NATRE & RE Today CPD and resources (I’m starting to feel like Lat Blaylock’s stalker!). Awareness of these different lenses has allowed me to clarify my aims when engaged in the constant and almost overwhelming process of selection, omission and deciding, from everything that could/should/ would be great to cover, what will actually make it into each precious little lesson.  I wanted to introduce more reality, more diversity, more challenge and a nuanced understanding at KS3 but with only a 50- minute lesson a week and largely religiously illiterate (and many uninterested) young people I wasn’t sure where to start.

Into this overloaded head space came Islam as a Worldview. What caught my eye was not just the level of research and detail, but the emphasis on the personal, lived experience of different Muslims across history. This was just what I needed. I chose the Malala Yousafzai resources for Year 8 who were already looking at Islam. I had looked at Malala for a previous ‘inspirational religious people’ unit but it had felt trite and superficial. The Islam as a Worldview on the other hand really resonated with what I was looking for. It was my first attempt in exploring wider political and geographical contexts in lessons and I was keen to try!

We began with the context & background to Pashtun life- I never knew Malala’s father was such a great example. Then we moved to fundamentalism and why the Taliban gained support.  Many students commented that it challenged their ideas to consider that terrorists weren’t necessarily ‘all bad’.  My favourite lesson was looking at what Islam taught about education and the events leading up to Malala’s shooting as a ‘what would you do?’ style activity – most of us were considerably less courageous than Malala!  We rounded off with a reflection, debrief and a ‘what Malala did next’ lesson.  I really enjoyed teaching the whole unit and felt it had been a much more thorough and engaging way to cover the tricky question of religion and terrorism. The student’s feedback was overwhelmingly positive and there were many interesting questions and conversations in the classroom.

It is exciting to trial a multidisciplinary Worldviews approach. It has given me an insight into the value of real-life contextualised ‘stories’ and a way to tackle tricky, messy questions like who is a ‘real’ believer. This process illustrated to me particularly the importance of not just telling students there is religious diversity, but of really showing them the massively wide spectrum of belief and thinking (of which religion is just one strand) that can see Malala and the Taliban striving to be ‘good Muslims’ in such different ways.

Samantha Keddie has been a Secondary teacher of RE for 15 years, firstly in South London and now East Sussex.

What is Hermeneutics?

We all have our niche topics. Hermeneutics appears to be mine. Likely, this comes from a joint-honours degree in English and Theology and a teaching career spent leading English and RE at primary level. Hermeneutics is the art or skill of interpretation. Hermeneutics involves texts but also a consideration of the positionality of the reader alongside the historical-social context of the text. This could encompass the author, the recipient, the reasons for writing, or all three. The aim is to arrive at an understanding of what texts may be saying.

Hermeneutics sits squarely in the Worldviews approach as we encounter the worldviews of authors from the past through their work. It also draws upon the disciplines of both theology and history. So, in Religion and Worldviews terms, you could say it’s an ‘all the feels’ approach.

When I throw the word ‘hermeneutics’ into the CPD I lead for local RE teachers and subject leaders, I am often met with ‘herma-what?’ in response. It’s a big, fancy word from the Greek hermēneuein, meaning ‘interpret’. The word also alludes to Hermes, the cunning messenger to the gods, who often delivered messages with his own slant to manipulate interpretation. It really just means learning how to interpret and being aware that different interpretations are part of studying religious texts.  As we increasingly talk in Religion and Worldviews circles about how important it is for pupils to understand diversity and the impact your worldview has on your thinking and expression, I fully expect hermeneutics to become something all teachers will see the merit of exploring with their pupils.

Hermeneutics can be applied to art as well as text. Pupils can explore sacred art and encounter worldviews from other eras, cultures and geographical locations as they learn to interpret the beautiful things associated with diverse religious traditions. They will learn to ask themselves what an artist is trying to show them and why. In comparing different examples of religious art intended to capture the same elements of scripture, they will see for themselves how differently the same text can be interpreted by an artist and understood by a viewer.

I’d love to see hermeneutics take its place as part of disciplinary study of religion and world views in a well-thought-out curriculum. After all, it’s a classic example of what Ofsted’s Dr Richard Kueh termed ‘ways of knowing’ and it is another key way of developing critical thinking in pupils, turning them into ‘responsible readers’ and thoughtful viewers of sacred images. Through hermeneutics, pupils are confronted with their own personal knowledge that they bring to every learning experience. It naturally requires consideration of positionality and encourages the skills of reflexivity and reflectivity.

In my next blog post I will aim to share some specific examples of hermeneutics in the primary and secondary classroom, but in the meantime you may want to check out Bowie et al’s Teachers and Texts.

The Visual Commentary of Scripture is also a great starting point for finding sacred art interpreting passages of scripture.

This blog is dedicated to Andy Squires, a great boss who encouraged me in promoting an RE curriculum that includes both religious and non-religious worldviews and addresses controversial issues in the classroom. Young people need a safe space to discuss difficult questions about the benefits and challenges of living in an increasingly multicultural society and here is my argument.

If Religion and Worldviews is to remain relevant to young people this will sometimes involve discussing controversial issues that arouse strong feelings, particularly those that raise questions about authority and power. In this blog I will argue that we should not avoid these moments of complexity or uncertainty, which are a natural part of our subject matter. Helping our young people acquire the tools to make sense of complex and often emotive issues could be the most important thing we do for them.

The world is complex and there is no getting away from controversial issues. Examining an issue that arouses disagreements might take us out of our comfort zone. We can see it as akin to sex education, uncomfortable at times but absolutely crucial for students to encounter, for their future health and confidence.

I suggest that we therefore need to embrace interpretation. Instead of using short lines of text to make a point, often with no acknowledgement of context, we could consider taking more time and exploring different ways text can be interpreted. We can help our young people in their developing critical awareness by exploring with them different interpretations, including interpretations we or they may not agree with. We can show the roots of each school of thought or tradition, the claims or purpose of the text, and the context in which the text was written as well as how this particular mode of interpretation has come about.

Of course any source can be open to this process, not just text. Outlooks, practices and traditions can be traced to a way of thinking and made sense of in context, offering a more textured and complex understanding of belief, belonging and culture. In becoming more comfortable exploring different interpretations, we are halfway there to understanding the roots of ideologies at play in current controversial issues, a key part of making sense of where the controversy has sprung from.

I propose that the consequences of not allowing young people to engage critically with aspects of religion and worldviews can lead to a limited understanding of religion, history, beliefs and ethics. It is also to reduce the intellectual challenge of the subject. As well as the educational case for critical analysis, there is the moral case for preparing our pupils to make sense of, engage with and thrive in a complex, diverse world.

Teachers might feel they lack the expertise or confidence to broach controversial issues, and we do need to both do our research and tread carefully. However if we steer away from critically analysing religions to avoid any difficult conversations, this can also trivialise religion. We can hold on to an educational argument in our uncertainty; we sometimes need to address controversy for educational reasons, in other words, so our young people gain a valuable understanding. A critical engagement with religion and worldviews is a particular approach that could feel uncomfortable to some pupils, so we have to defend it educationally, while approaching certain topics with sensitivity and care. Such care does not dilute our overall aim, it is part of our professional toolkit.

This term we will be exploring the idea of ‘ways of knowing’. How do we help our pupils, of any age, to make sense of the learning material as they grow and develop? The phrase ‘ways of knowing’ is found in Ofsted’s 2021 Research Review to describe how the substance of the lesson is framed.

In my own classroom I have been experimenting with a historical ‘way of knowing’. We have reshaped a Year 9 Unit to take a deliberately historical view. We make sense of Christian theology with reference to historical contexts. Through role-play, guided stories and discussions we explore emerging Protestant concerns in the 1500s, contrasting to Catholic trust in centuries of church tradition. Pupils are in actual fact contrasting ‘faith’ and ‘works’, without using these abstracted words. Although these are theological concepts, I found that looking through a historical lens allowed me a certain amount of freedom from the precise meaning of the different visions of salvation. The broad brush strokes of the argument suffice to explain the ensuing conflict as well as identify the core, shared Christian beliefs.

Our historical timeline has taken us to the English Reformation, the European Wars of Religion, the Troubles and finally to the work of Corrymeela in the modern era. We have been able to discuss at each point how far conflict between Catholic and Protestant groups is political or religious. My students have mastered the theological disputes comfortably without even knowing it.

And the students? In our first year of teaching they were, frankly, confused. ‘Why are we learning all this history?’ was the most common objection, and, ‘when are we going to learn about religious beliefs?’ I was unsure of myself. Coming in and out of lockdown added to the sense of confusion. However students’ reflected nuance and critical analysis. A more textured understanding of the impact of religion, politics, power and community was emerging.

This year I am confident. I see how the unit flows and small pieces of information connect to a bigger whole. My current Year 9s respond to my confidence, discussing the pros and cons of biblical translations, assessing Henry VIII’s ‘true’ Catholic soul and comparing traditional Catholic to various Protestant views of the eucharist.

A concern lingers; the sheer speed at which we work. Huge chunks of history, theology and politics are glossed over in a way that doesn’t feel historically appropriate. If we are taking a historical view of theological differences, we don’t really give enough time to context and place. It was in the penultimate week of the term that my concerns suddenly resolved into a solution. When considering Corrymeela’s work in conflict resolution and reconciliation, I had it- this is an ethical unit. We are looking through an ethical lens! The various case studies of conflict between religious siblings all point to an ethical question; is conflict in the name of religion ever acceptable?

My teaching next year will therefore adopt an ethical ‘way of knowing’. We will draw on historical context, power, theology and place to make sense of this urgent question of the world.

Through blogs and resources this term on RE:ONLINE we will be considering the what ‘ways of knowing’ means in the classroom and in our development. As always we welcome your questions, blogs and comments. What changes are you making, how can you assess their success, and how will you develop in future?

If you are anything like me and wonder where everyone gets the time to read educational journals and books you last set your sights on at university (I am convinced there is a secret community of teachers who own Bernard’s Watch!), then listen up!

My time saving secret is The RE Podcast! It is filled with insights into Religion and Worldviews, available in 10 – 30 minute sessions. As well as covering religious and non-religious worldviews, the podcasts delve into difference and diversity, philosophical debates and address current concerns such as decolonising the language we use and representations of religion in film.

Below I outline five ways the RE Podcast has added value to my understanding and development.

1: CPD for Teachers

Even when I choose a podcast I consider I have good subject knowledge in already, I am always left with greater insights, more examples and personal views to add into my classroom practice. A recent example is ‘The One About the Messianic Judaism’. Messianic Judaism is a topic that I sometimes refer to in lessons, so my knowledge was passable, but after listening to the podcast I have gained greater insight into what Messianic Judaism means in practice. The podcast presents Binyamin Sheldrake, Rabbi of a Messianic synagogue in Norwich, and his own views regarding Yeshua and the links between Jewish beliefs and Christianity. This fascinating interview gave me further understanding of Messianic views of the Trinity and salvation. This will clearly aid me in my lessons on the Jewish view of the Messiah and the Messianic Age.

Each podcast alternates between experts and every day experiences of religion. They are relatable, relevant, and easy to digest without important ideas being watered down. They offer statistics, stories, historical views and religious teachings. You can absorb the information whilst completing other tasks which make them the perfect way to add to your own knowledge without feeling the time restraint of reading heavy articles.

2: Manageable CPD for your department and non-specialists

Many departments contain non-specialists. The podcasts are manageable boosters in subject knowledge that don’t cost money or too much time. It’s easy to pick out topics that are linked to your curriculum, such as ‘The One About Ramadan’ or ‘The One About Easter’. This means the whole department has access to high quality, supportive subject knowledge.

Moreover, the podcasts help to put religion into context rather than the abstract nature of religion often found in textbooks and religious texts themselves. The podcasts have clear links to worldviews thinking, they contextualise religious and secular beliefs, draw on historical, religious and philosophical thinking whilst providing the interviewees personal insights into their faith. This improves accessibility by providing connections that non-specialist colleagues already know about.

3: Extra- and super-curricular activities for students

I have suggested many podcasts to my students for their home learning. This offers a variation on conventional written homework, and they have proven very popular. The podcasts can be used as pre-learning activities, as additional information, extension tasks or as the basis of discussion and P4C stimulus.

Podcasts I recommend for student development are ‘The One About Capital Punishment’, ‘The One Where God Exists’, ‘The One About Abortion and Euthanasia’ and ‘The One Where There Is Life After Death’.

4: Stay up to Date

Many of the podcasts address religious, philosophical and ethical themes from a modern and relevant context, without ignoring the historical roots of theories and religious beliefs. For example, ‘The One About Sikhi’, ‘The One About Halloween’ or ‘The One About Knowledge’. These show a connection between the world today and the subject knowledge I might be covering, allowing a more textured understanding of living religion and belief.

5: Shut out Distractions!

Finally, the podcasts provide background noise to your workouts, accompanies you on car journeys, entertains you whilst doing the housework, or even drowns out the sound of your partner/child/pet!

For more information check out Louisa Jane Smiths website https://www.therepodcast.co.uk/ and listen to The RE Podcast on Spotify or iTunes.

This year we are trialling a new approach to the start of year 7 RE. In my teaching career I have tried several approaches including looking at why we study RE and have never been happy with them. This year I created a new scheme that asks the enquiry question ‘How do we study religion and belief?’

We see students for one hour a week, so time is very tight, and I proposed to my colleague that we trial using a booklet with students. This is a great time saver as students don’t have to write titles each lesson and it’s easy to refer to page numbers which is the same for all of them. I have also found that when exploring a new approach it helps to organise my ideas and share them with my colleague as I’ve had to create and sequence the learning in the booklet.

The booklet pulls together the different ways we can study religion and belief and the things that we look at. One part of this approach involves introducing students to worldviews.

We start by thinking about our own personal worldview. We are clear that this is about how their own views have been developed over time (and will continue to develop) rather than being their specific view on something.

We have used two short clips to support this. The Theos ‘Nobody stands nowhere’ clip https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AFRxKF-Jdos  and this ‘What is your worldview?’ clip. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VXnSE0uvwzM

Interestingly, I have found a very small number of students have struggled to grasp this concept. It is very abstract and requires a conceptual understanding of themselves that some students cannot conceive. A couple of my students have replied ‘I don’t have a worldview’ or ‘My view hasn’t changed’. This kind of self-knowledge is a challenge for a small minority of students and colleagues that teach students with some types of SEN may find this more common.

To help students with this abstract concept I chose to use the metaphor of a magnifying glass; to help students understand that our personal worldview is how we ‘see’ things. I have used some ‘big questions’ to help them to understand how their worldview works and then we work together to unpick where our views may have developed from.

I have bought several magnifying glasses to add to the explanation. This has helped students to understand that we all have different personal worldviews as I hold them up when explaining each individual view. It also helps to illustrate other worldviews. I have also shown how these lenses can ‘cross over’ which illustrates how views can be ‘combined’. An example was when we were discussing ‘how did the world get here?’ Students came up with answers ‘God made it’ and ‘the Big Bang’. I held up a lens for each of these views and then crossed them over. For some students this was a new Christian worldview; that God created the Big Bang.

This has helped them to understand that it may be better for us to discuss the many views within a religion for example we discussed ‘Christianities’ as a better term to show that within Christianity there are many different interpretations.

It is interesting to see how their understanding of worldviews is shown in their explanations. Here are responses from two pupils:

“We can study religion and belief by looking at people’s worldviews and opinions. But before we start we need to understand how people get their personal worldview. You are not born in the world with our own opinions as you cannot understand anything yet. But over time as you grow up you start to develop your own worldview and beliefs as you are surrounded by many different influences like your parents and what they believe or your friends and even video games! If you are a religious person your religion may have a big impact on how you see the world as religions normally have quite a lot of sources of authority….”

Jude, Year 7

“We can study religion and belief by looking at our personal worldview. We have got our own worldviews from many things but these aren’t permanent. These worldviews can change throughout your life, for example, when you are younger your parents would be your main authority and sources of your opinions and beliefs but when you’re older you probably wouldn’t take as much notice of them”

Luke, Year 7

Hello! My name is Josh Cass and I am delighted to have recently joined the team at Culham St Gabriel’s where I will be supporting with advocacy and outreach work specifically relating to the Religion and Worldviews curriculum. As someone who has spent many, many years working in interfaith spaces, I am passionate about enabling conversations and encounters which allow more nuanced understandings of lived faith and belief to emerge. For me, that is what is so exciting about the Religion and Worldviews curriculum, and why I am delighted to be taking up this role. If you will excuse me, I will share with you something which happened recently which to me, highlights why this curriculum is so exciting.

One morning I was enjoying coffee and donuts (not necessarily a traditional Sukkot food but a treat nonetheless) in my sukkah at home with some friends (one Jewish, one Muslim, one Christian); it was a beautiful morning and sitting there I couldn’t help but feel that building a sukkah is one of Judaism’s loveliest mitzvahs full of meaning and metaphor. For those unfamiliar with the custom, a sukkah is a temporary structure which some Jews will build in their gardens, or on their balconies, or on their roofs, as part of the festival of Sukkot.

Being together in the sukkah, our conversation turned easily to its symbolism and other Sukkot customs. We talked about the origins of the festival, how it commemorates one of the three pilgrimages undertaken by the ancient Israelites, and the journey they would make up to Jerusalem to celebrate the harvest. From there, the conversation moved to harvest festivals, traditional prayers for rain in all our traditions, and the way in which our various faiths and beliefs enable us to reflect on and engage with the natural world and the changing seasons.

For me, this experience was exciting and insightful for a number of reasons. Firstly, and perhaps more superficially, I learned something new about the faith and belief traditions of my friends. Secondly, and for me, more importantly, I gained a greater understanding of how that element of their identity contributed to how they see the world and how it might play into choices which they make. I imagine that it was a similar experience for them in terms of how they understand how my Jewish identity shapes my choices and actions.

In my experience, while having a grounding in the teaching and traditions of different religions and worldviews is really important, even more critical is an understanding of how those teachings and traditions shape the way that an individual or a community engage with the wider world and with the key issues of the day. It is this contextualisation which is so central to the Religion and Worldviews curriculum, a contextualisation which I believe is critical for us all (not just students!). That is what makes the Religion and Worldviews curriculum so exciting to me and why I am delighted to be working with Culham St Gabriel’s in this role.

I would love to hear what you make of this piece and am always happy to receive feedback – I can be reached at josh@cstg.org.uk I hope to hear from you soon!

It took just moments to decide the focus of my project for the Edge Hill RE Subject Knowledge Summer School. I’ve always loved teaching Islam and enjoyed the challenge of developing my subject knowledge for the 2016 specification. The support of people like Zameer Hussain with Shi’a Islam has been greatly appreciated. However, at times my lessons felt a bit plodding and superficial. I recognised immediately the Ofsted Research Review[i] reference to the use of ‘proof texts’ in GCSE. I’ve been guilty of that. Although I had included some textual analysis and scholarship into my lessons, I still felt I could do better. I knew straight away, therefore, I wanted to develop my confidence with Islamic texts and consider how to deliver the content in a more memorable, engaging and meaningful way. After attending the Summer School, I developed a student anthology with carefully selected and sequenced readings, clearly linked to the specification content.

Day 1 of the Summer School included an inspiring session on text and story by Mary Myatt. She reminded us of something we all know, but too often forget when preparing students to sit exams: humans love stories and stories matter. Daniel Willingham claims ‘our brains privilege story’[ii]. RE has an abundance! Text and story are a wonderful way into learning about the Islamic traditions and can be used to enhance our GCSE. That’s what I set out to do.

Islamic texts are daunting: the many collections of Hadith, the varied commentaries and interpretations. Even as an RE specialist, I worried about my ability to get it right. This is why Edge Hill’s offer is so important. Surrounded by specialists including RE teachers and academics, I could ask questions, share ideas and consider feedback. The very patient Dr Harith Ramil supported me with my project, answering my endless questions, offering suggestions and critiquing my work. If only every RE teacher had opportunities like this.

The ‘final product’ is by no means final. Like the tradition of textual interpretation in Islam, it will continue to evolve. Not everyone will agree with my selections and the interpretations I have offered. However, I’m now able to justify my choices and engage my students in a deeper dialogue about the ways texts and story are used in the tradition. The anthology includes 7 texts from the Qur’an and Hadith, chronologically covering key events in the early development of Islam.

Back in the classroom I have proudly issued Year 10 with their anthologies. Together we have analysed and annotated Al-Fatihah (Surah 1:1-7) and an Al-Bukhari Hadith narrating the Night of Power. I can see Year 10 already have a strong foundation for investigating the Islamic understanding of God and the importance of the Qur’an. They are instinctively referring to the texts they have studied to support their claims rather that ‘sticking in a quote’. Will this have the desired impact? Time will tell, but the early signs are good; students are showing a richer and more contextual knowledge.

Edge Hill will put my resources on their website soon. I have included a list of the many resources I discovered and notes for each text designed to help busy teachers.

I feel privileged and grateful to have had this opportunity. If you get the chance to apply to the Summer School, I recommend you go for it.

[i] https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/research-review-series-religious-education/research-review-series-religious-education

[ii] Https://www.marymyatt.com/blog/using-stories-in-the-curriculum

In response to the 2018 CoRE report many SACREs are considering how to update their Locally Agreed Syllabuses. Effecting change in a busy and fast-moving environment such as a school can be a daunting prospect. In this blog I present how we changed our curriculum at my Norfolk Primary school.

This was not just an update or tweak, we adopted change. We reshaped the curriculum to utilise three disciplinary pedagogies, imagined as lenses to look through; Theology, Philosophy and the Human & Social Sciences. As these names are quite the tongue twister, we call them Believing, Thinking and Living in my school when discussing with younger learners.

With a new pedagogy and new freedom in mind I sat down to look at our current RE curriculum and discussed with children what they thought of the subject:

“I like doing our stuff but it’s interesting to see their stuff and see how different people live.”

Having heard their thoughts, I threw the old curriculum in the bin and started afresh.

Our stuff and their stuff

Our student body is 95% white British and Christian heritage. It is for this reason I do not want children learning about “our stuff” (Christianity) followed by an entirely different unit of “their stuff” (everything else).

If children are to see the beauty and value of other people, religions and worldviews they will need the skills to appreciate them and, most importantly, find ways of connecting with them. This got me thinking about exploring: if you know where you have been, it gives you a good basis to explore the new. So, I decided to be bold: every unit of learning would start with Christianity. We would learn about what we already know, or thought we knew or (in the case of Christmas) thought we knew but was actually wrong; and then branch outwards. Finding links and connections between Christianity and Religions & Worldviews would form the bedrock of our curriculum.

Branching out

We are a church school and therefore at least 50% of our learning content focuses on Christianity. The first 3 or 4 lessons of each half-term have a Christian focus. This gives time to explore our Key Question and reflect on Christianity’s answers. From this solid understanding we can branch out to consider how one or more other traditions would respond.

For example a Year 6 unit begins by pondered the philosophical question, ‘why was the Earth made?’ using Genesis 1 and 2. They explore the different presentation of women and learn that the books  were written at different times by different authors and then collated together at a much later date. A lesson is spent looking at the scientific description of how the Earth was formed and what similarities this has to Genesis. This allows pupils to gain a greater sense of the context and concerns at the time Genesis was recorded.

From here we branch out to the events of the Hindu creation story and its expression of our universe as one in string of many (Samsara on a universal scale). Children quickly spot the beginning of the world in darkness and water and how a prime mover is needed to bring light and life into the world.

The most important part of the new curriculum is that the children begin by finding what is the same and then questioning why they are the same. How can two religions from different sides of the planet have similar beliefs? How can two faiths that appear so different actually be quite similar? This allows discussions of depth and richness.

Growing this new curriculum and pedagogy has taken time and lots of energy from the amazing staff at my school. As we move further towards a R&W curriculum, emphasis will be placed on denominations and how, for instance, there is no single “Christian Worldview”. The aim is that children can see how worldviews similar to their own can be very different, whilst the superficially different can be very similar.

Would you start an RE lesson with a boxing match? By that we mean a lesson about a famous boxing match, not a re-enactment in the classroom! To celebrate Black History Month we present a set of four learning sessions (suitable for Key Stages 2- 4) on Muhammad Ali, one of the world’s all-time greatest boxers. Ali was also a conscientious objector, antiracist activist and devoted Muslim. All these aspects of his life are intertwined, as our multiple worldviews are. As well as a contribution to teaching resources for Black History Month, these lessons are also an example of what worldviews can look like in the classroom.

Pupils might be confused to learn about a famous fight in RE, although some would absolutely love it. During his career as a boxer Ali fought in and won several iconic fights. His sporting career illustrates how he constantly challenged preconceived ideas about how a black athlete should behave in public. In our lessons, we present Ali’s actions inside the ring as just as important to an understanding of him as those outside. In a worldviews approach, the strands of someone’s life and context cannot be separated.

Ali was once called the most famous Muslim in America. Like most people Ali sometimes had contradictory beliefs and his Islamic interests shifted over the years. In our lessons we trace Ali’s path from Nation of Islam to Sufi Islam, to Sunni Islam. Pupils will consider Nation of Islam in historical and political terms, as well as religious.

After he had won the 1964 match, Cassius Clay announced to the world the name he now wanted to be known as: Muhammad Ali. He had always been interested in Islam. At high school he wanted to write an English paper on black Muslims (Nation of Islam), but was not allowed to. Muhammad Ali first saw Malcom X, one of the most influential black figures of his time when he spoke at a Nation of Islam rally and the two became friends. Malcom X watched Ali’s 1964 match with Sonny Liston match from the side-lines. The next day as the world was still in shock over Ali’s victory, with Malcom X by his side, he announced he was a Muslim and that he had a new name. He said ‘Cassius Clay is a slave name, I didn’t choose it and I don’t want it. I am Muhmmad Ali, a free name – it means beloved of God, and I insist people use it when they speak to me’.

Incredibly Ali visited the town of South Shields in 1977 to have his marriage blessed in the mosque there. The Al-Azhar Mosque serves the Yemeni community of South Shields, who had settled in the area around the First World War to work for the Merchant Navy. A short documentary details this moment, showing footage of Ali and his wife in South Shields and the pride of the local Yemeni community to welcome this dazzling figure to their mosque. In our lessons we give a link to this documentary, created by photographer and artist Tina Ghavari.

A worldviews approach to learning about Ali, whether in a lesson or at a lunchtime or whole-school event, means his antiracist struggle or his devotion to Islam is not separated from his whole life. Ali was an athlete, a campaigner, a public figure, a conscientious objector, a husband and father and a Muslim. All these strands make up the man. We hope you enjoy exploring Muhammad Ali with your pupils, you can find the resources on RE:ONLINE here.

Kate Christopher, part-time in a Secondary school teacher in East London and independent RE adviser

Lynn Revell, Faculty Director of Research, Canterbury Christ Chuch University